Los avances en el desarrollo científico y tecnológico permiten una producción porcina más eficiente y sostenible, abarcando mejoras en campos tan diversos como la sanidad, la genética, la nutrición, el manejo o la logística.
Todos estos avances se sustentan sobre una base sólida respaldada por diversas técnicas que, objetivamente, proveen al sector de herramientas que facilitan la gestión ganadera y optimizan el rendimiento.
En muchas ocasiones, estas técnicas, aun siendo altamente específicas, son enormemente versátiles y ofrecen un amplio abanico de posibilidades.
Aunque son muchos los avances tecnológicos disponibles en estos momentos, algunos de los más destacables son:
| En este artículo se presentan algunas de las técnicas disponibles en estos ámbitos y sus aplicaciones*. |
*Equipamiento al servicio de empresas y centros de investigación en el Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón IA2.
PCR DIGITAL
La técnica de la PCR digital (dPCR) tiene por objeto la detección y cuantificación absoluta de ácidos nucleicos con gran precisión y sensibilidad mediante la partición o división de una muestra de ADN en numerosas reacciones de PCR individuales en paralelo, de forma que algunas de ellas contienen la molécula objetivo (positivo), mientras que otras no (negativo).
EXTRACCIÓN DE ÁCIDOS NUCLEICOS
En ocasiones, [registrados]la obtención del material genético de una determinada muestra no es sencilla y es necesario llevar a cabo un paso previo de extracción. Este es el caso de microorganismos difíciles de lisar o de muestras cuya estructura celular o tisular complica esta tarea.
Por ello, existen equipos destinados a la extracción con máxima pureza y rapidez de ADN, ARN y ácidos nucleicos, obteniéndose una amplia variedad de muestras, incluyendo fluidos, sangre, bacterias, cultivos celulares y muestras de tejidos, y plantas, de forma que el material genético obtenido puede ser utilizado en posteriores aplicaciones de biología molecular (Northern Blotting, PCR, Real-Time Quantitative PCR (qPCR), Reverse Transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), Southern Blotting, etc.)
| Esta técnica podría considerarse como un paso previo y complementario a un amplio abanico de técnicas de estudio genético, incluso integrándose como paso previo a la PCR digital. |
ELECTROFORESIS EN GEL DE CAMPOS PULSADOS (PFGE)
La técnica de Electroforesis en Gel de Campos Pulsados (PFGE) se utiliza para la caracterización molecular de microorganismos y permite una separación de fragmentos de ADN rápida, reproducible y de alta resolución.
La técnica consiste en alternar el campo eléctrico entre pares de electrodos espacialmente distintos, lo que propicia que moléculas de ADN de gran tamaño se reorienten y se trasladen a diferentes velocidades a través del gel de agarosa.
En el campo de la Sanidad, esta técnica permite llevar a cabo la caracterización molecular de aislados microbianos, siendo idóneo para estudios epidemiológicos de patógenos asociados a brotes con similar etiología.
IDENTIFICACIÓN MICROBIANA Y EVALUACIÓN DE LA SENSIBILIDAD ANTIBIÓTICA
En la actualidad, existen equipamientos novedosos y completamente automatizados que permiten la identificación microbiana y la evaluación de la sensibilidad antibiótica en unas pocas horas.
ECADO POR ATOMIZACIÓN, ENCAPSULACIÓN Y MEDICIÓN DE PARTÍCULAS
El secado por atomización tiene por objetivo eliminar el contenido acuoso de diferentes productos mediante una técnica de secado rápida que daña mínimamente los compuestos de interés, por lo que puede ser empleado en el procesado de un amplio rango de productos, incluida alimentación animal, probióticos, prebióticos, nutracéuticos e incluso medicamentos.
Además, se puede emplear para microencapsular ciertos productos preservando sus propiedades (compuestos funcionales, microbiota fermentadora o proteínas, entre otros), dando lugar a encapsulados secos de 2-25 µm.
Por su parte, la encapsulación con equipos vanguardistas permite generar perlas y encapsular líquidos dando lugar a esferas del tamaño de 150 µm – 4 mm, funcionalidad muy utilizada en la industria alimentaria, farmacéutica o nutracéutica.
Puesto que, tanto la técnica de secado por atomización como la de microencapsulación, dan lugar a productos de pequeño tamaño que contienen los compuestos de interés, conocer su tamaño resulta útil de cara a sus posteriores aplicaciones.
Por ello, el equipo de medición de partículas por difracción láser complementa a los dos procedimientos anteriores, ya que permite medir de forma exacta el tamaño de partícula, tanto aquellas suspendidas en medio líquido como de partículas en vía seca, de forma que es capaz de medir cualquier producto e incluso el tamaño de células eucariotas y muchas procariotas comprendidas en el siguiente rango:
| En general, estos equipos resultan de gran utilidad en laboratorios de I+D+i, especialmente de forma previa al escalado de productos a volúmenes superiores. |
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